{"id":3633,"date":"2017-12-10T07:20:57","date_gmt":"2017-12-10T15:20:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.jeffjaeger.com\/nvapp\/?p=3633"},"modified":"2018-12-15T10:03:18","modified_gmt":"2018-12-15T18:03:18","slug":"nevadas-medical-marijuana-registry-unconstitutional","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jeffjaeger.com\/nvapp\/2017\/12\/10\/nevadas-medical-marijuana-registry-unconstitutional\/","title":{"rendered":"Is Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry unconstitutional?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Is<\/a><\/p>\n

Doe vs. State, Legislature of the 77th Session (Nev. Supreme Ct. \u2013 Dec. 7, 2017)<\/strong><\/p>\n

In November 2000, the Nevada Constitution was amended to allow the possession and use of marijuana for the treatment or alleviation of various medical conditions. This amendment also required the Legislature to establish a registry of patients who were authorized to use marijuana for medical purposes. As a result, the Legislature enacted Assembly Bill 453, allowing registry identification cardholders to use medical marijuana without fear of state prosecution for certain marijuana-related offenses. Subsequently, the Legislature established two fees to defray the costs of administering the registration program: an application fee and a processing fee. In this appeal, the Supreme Court of Nevada examined whether Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry violates the Due Process, Equal Protection, or Self-Incrimination Clauses of the United States or Nevada Constitutions.<\/p>\n

In 2015, appellant John Doe applied for, and received, a registry identification card after his doctor recommended he try medical marijuana to treat his migraine headaches. Doe subsequently filed suit against the Nevada Legislature, the Governor, and the Department of Health and Human Services (the DHHS) (collectively, respondents). In particular, Doe argued that the medical marijuana registry and its associated fees violated his due process and equal protection rights, and his right against self-incrimination. Doe also argued that the DHHS committed fraud and was unjustly enriched by the registration fees.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Doe filed a motion for partial summary judgment on his self-incrimination claim and a countermotion for summary judgment on his due process and equal protection claims. The DHHS and the Governor filed motions to dismiss, and the Legislature filed a motion for summary judgment. Ultimately, the district court granted the respondents\u2019 motions, treating each as a motion for summary judgment. Specifically, the district court held that Doe failed to sue the proper state official – the Administrator of the Division of Public and Behavioral Health – for declaratory and injunctive relief. In addition, the district court denied Doe\u2019s request to amend his complaint, holding that such an amendment would be futile because Doe\u2019s constitutional claims lacked merit. Finally, the district court held that Doe\u2019s state-law tort claims were barred as a matter of law due to the State\u2019s sovereign immunity. Doe appealed.<\/p>\n

On appeal, Doe argued (1) there is a fundamental right to access the health care recommended by licensed physicians under the Due Process Clause, (2) Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry violates that right under the Equal Protection Clause, and (3) the registry violates a registrant\u2019s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.<\/p>\n

Does Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry impinge upon a fundamental right?<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Doe argued that the Supreme Court of Nevada should recognize a new fundamental right to access the health care that a physician recommends to a patient, and that the registry and its associated fees impose an undue burden on a patient\u2019s ability to exercise this right. Respondents argued that Doe\u2019s asserted right is more accurately understood as a right to use medical marijuana and that no such fundamental right exists.<\/p>\n

The Supreme Court of Nevada noted<\/a> that the Due Process Clauses of the United States<\/a> and Nevada Constitutions<\/a> prohibit the State from depriving \u201cany person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\u201d The United States Supreme Court has clarified that \u201c[t]he Due Process Clause guarantees more than fair process, and the \u2018liberty\u2019 it protects includes more than the absence of physical restraint.\u201d Washington v. Glucksberg<\/em><\/a>, 521 U.S. 702, 719 (1997).<\/p>\n

The Court explained<\/a> that the U.S. Supreme Court, however, has \u201calways been reluctant to expand the concept of substantive due process because guideposts for responsible decision making in this unchartered area are scarce and open-ended.\u201d Id<\/em><\/a>. The U.S. Supreme Court has cautioned that, \u201c[b]y extending constitutional protection to an asserted right or liberty interest,\u201d a court \u201cplace[s] the matter outside the arena of public debate and legislative action.\u201d Id<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Supreme Court of Nevada explained<\/a> that in deciding whether to expand the concept of substantive due process to encompass a new fundamental right, it must (1) carefully describe the asserted liberty interest; and (2) determine whether the asserted liberty interest is \u201cdeeply rooted in this Nation\u2019s history and tradition . . . and implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if [the right was] sacrificed.\u201d Id<\/em><\/a>.; see also <\/em>State v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court (Logan D.)<\/em><\/a>, 129 Nev. 492, 503, 306 P.3d 369, 377 (2013).<\/p>\n

The Court noted<\/a> that it construed Doe\u2019s proposed liberty interest as the right to use medical marijuana recommended by a physician. The Ninth Circuit has advised that an asserted liberty interest should be narrowly construed so as to avoid unintended consequences. See <\/em>Raich v. Gonzales<\/em><\/a>, 500 F.3d 850, 863-64 (9th Cir. 2007) (interpreting the appellant\u2019s proposed right as \u201cthe right to use marijuana to preserve bodily integrity, avoid pain, and preserve her life\u201d). As in Raich<\/em>, here, Doe\u2019s proposed right \u201cdoes not narrowly and accurately reflect the right that [he] seeks to vindicate.\u201d Id<\/em><\/a>. Doe seeks to use medical marijuana to help treat his migraines and argued that Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry interfered with his proposed right. Medical marijuana is the only means of health care implicated in this matter.<\/p>\n

The Court held<\/a> that the right to use medical marijuana recommended by a physician is not so \u201cdeeply rooted in this Nation\u2019s history and tradition. . . and implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if [the right was] sacrificed.\u201d Glucksberg<\/em><\/a>, 521 U.S. at 721.<\/p>\n

The Court noted<\/a> that no court has recognized a fundamental right to use medical marijuana recommended by a physician, and the use of medical marijuana is still prohibited under federal law and the laws of 22 states. See <\/em>Raich<\/em><\/a>, 500 F.3d at 866 (holding that \u201cfederal law does not recognize a fundamental right to use medical marijuana prescribed by a licensed physician to alleviate excruciating pain and human suffering\u201d); see also <\/em>United States v. Wilde<\/em><\/a>, 74 F. Supp. 3d 1092, 1095 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (recognizing \u201cno court to date has held that citizens have a constitutionally fundamental right to use medical marijuana\u201d); Seeley v. State<\/em><\/a>, 940 P.2d 604, 613 (Wash. 1997) (holding the respondent did not \u201chave a fundamental right to have marijuana prescribed as his preferred treatment over the legitimate objections of the state\u201d).<\/p>\n

Although several states have legalized medical marijuana since Raich<\/em><\/a>, the Ninth Circuit has continued to reject any asserted liberty interest. See <\/em>Sacramento Nonprofit Collective v. Holder<\/em><\/a>, 552 F. App\u2019x 680, 683 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (acknowledging that \u201cthe use of medical marijuana is more accepted today than it was in 2007,\u201d but declining to recognize a fundamental right to use medical marijuana). The Court believed<\/a> that given this precedent and the fact that almost half of the states currently prohibit the use of medical marijuana, it would be imprudent to remove the matter from \u201cthe arena of public debate and legislative action\u201d at this time. Glucksberg<\/em><\/a>, 521 U.S. at 720. Therefore, the Court declined to expand the concept of substantive due process to encompass a new fundamental right to use medical marijuana recommended by a physician.<\/p>\n

Is Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry rationally related to a legitimate state interest?<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Doe argued that the registry discriminates against people who choose to use marijuana to treat their medical condition and that the registry is not rationally related to a legitimate state interest. \u00a0Respondents argued that the Legislature could reasonably believe the registry would aid in the enforcement of Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana laws by deterring potential violators or assisting in the detection and investigation of specific instances of apparent abuse.<\/p>\n

The Court explained<\/a> that the right to equal protection is \u201cguaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and . . . Article 4, Section 21 of the Nevada Constitution.\u201d Rico v. Rodriguez<\/em><\/a>, 121 Nev. 695, 702-03, 120 P.3d 812, 817 (2005). In particular, the Fourteenth Amendment<\/a> prohibits the State from denying \u201cany person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\u201d The United States Supreme Court has stated that the \u201cprovision creates no substantive rights,\u201d rather, it \u201cembodies a general rule that States must treat like cases alike but may treat unlike cases accordingly.\u201d Vacco v. Quill<\/em><\/a>, 521 U.S. 793, 799 (1997).<\/p>\n

The Supreme Court of Nevada further explained<\/a> that in addressing an equal protection claim, it must determine whether (1) \u201cthe statute, either on its face or in the manner of its enforcement, results in members of a certain group being treated differently from other persons based on membership in that group\u201d; and (2) \u201cif it is demonstrated that a cognizable class is treated differently, the court must analyze under the appropriate level of scrutiny whether the distinction made between the groups is justified.\u201d United States v. Lopez-Flores<\/em><\/a>, 63 F.3d 1468, 1472 (9th Cir. 1995); see also <\/em>Rico<\/em><\/a>, 121 Nev. at 703, 120 P.3d at 817.<\/p>\n

Several courts have held that \u201cpatients who choose to use a federally prohibited substance\u201d are not \u201csimilarly situated to. . . patients who chose to use federally permitted medicines.\u201d Boyd v. Santa Cruz Cty.<\/em><\/a>, No. 15-cv-00405-BLF, 2016 (N.D. Cal. June 2, 2016); see also <\/em>Wilson v. Holder<\/em><\/a>, 7 F. Supp. 3d 1104, 1125 (D. Nev. 2014) (holding the plaintiff was \u201cnot similarly situated to individuals that avail themselves of treatment methods that comply with federal law\u201d), aff\u2019d, 835 F.3d 1083<\/a> (2016). The Court concluded<\/a> that even assuming Doe had satisfied this threshold inquiry, Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry survives rational basis review.<\/p>\n

The Court explained that under rational basis review, legislation is presumed to be valid and will be sustained \u201cif there is a rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate governmental purpose.\u201d Heller v. Doe<\/em><\/a>, 509 U.S. 312, 320 (1993). The State need not \u201cproduce evidence to sustain the rationality of a statutory classification,\u201d rather, \u201c[t]he burden is on the one attacking the legislative arrangement to negative every conceivable basis which might support it.\u201d Id<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

For example, in Whalen v. Roe<\/em><\/a>, 429 U.S. 589, 591 (1976), the United States Supreme Court addressed \u201cwhether the State of New York [could] record, in a centralized computer file, the names and addresses of all persons who have obtained, pursuant to a doctor\u2019s prescription, certain drugs for which there is both a lawful and an unlawful market.\u201d The U.S Supreme Court held \u201cthat the patient-identification requirement\u201d under the New York Controlled Substances Act was constitutional, as the legislature could reasonably believe the requirement might “aid in the enforcement of laws designed to minimize the misuse of dangerous drugs.” The Court also recognized that the State had a “vital interest in controlling the distribution of dangerous drugs,” and therefore, it could “experiment with new techniques for control.”<\/p>\n

Thus, the Supreme Court of Nevada concluded<\/a> that Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry is rationally related to a legitimate state interest. The Nevada Constitution states that one of the purposes of the registry is to provide enforcement officers a means “to verify a claim of authorization.” See<\/em> Nev. Const. art. 4, \u00a7 38(1)(d)<\/a>. The Court determined that like the patient-identification requirement in Whalen<\/a><\/em>, here, the registry seeks to aid in the enforcement of laws designed to minimize the misuse of drugs. In addition, the State may experiment with a registry as a method for controlling a drug\u2019s use, and it is irrelevant whether the registry is an effective strategy for minimizing the misuse of marijuana. See Heller<\/a><\/em>, 509 U.S. at 319 (stating \u201cthat rational-basis review. . . is not a license for courts to judge the wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices\u201d. Therefore, the Court concluded that Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry satisfies rational basis review. The Court further held that the Legislature could reasonably believe the imposition of registration fees would assist the State in operating and maintaining the registry.<\/p>\n

Does Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry violate a registrant\u2019s right against self-incrimination?<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Doe also argued the registry violates his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination because he is compelled to disclose that he intends to use medical marijuana in violation of federal law. Respondents argued that Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registration program is entirely voluntary, and thus, the Fifth Amendment is not implicated.<\/p>\n

The Fifth Amendment<\/a> states that no person \u201cshall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.\u201d See also<\/em> Nev. Const. art. 1, \u00a7 8(1)<\/a>; Lefkowitz v. Turley<\/a><\/em>, 414 U.S. 70, 73-74 (1973) (stating the Fifth Amendment\u2019s Self-Incrimination Clause applies to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment).<\/p>\n

The Amendment not only protects the individual against being involuntarily called as a witness against himself in a criminal prosecution but also privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.<\/p>\n

Lefkowitz<\/a><\/em>, 414 U.S. at 77.<\/p>\n

The Court noted<\/a> that the United States Supreme Court has held that the Fifth Amendment\u2019s Self-Incrimination Clause is not implicated when an individual is required to disclose information as part of a voluntary application for benefits. See Selective Serv. Sys. v. Minn. Pub. Interest Research Grp.<\/a><\/em>, 468 U.S. 841, 856-58 (1984). In Selective Service System<\/a><\/em>, male applicants for financial aid were required to file \u201ca statement of compliance\u201d with their university that certified that the student had registered for the draft pursuant to the Military Selective Service Act (MSSA). Appellees were students who \u201cneed [ed] financial aid to pursue their educations,\u201d but who had failed to register for the draft within 30 days of their 18th birthday as required under the MSSA. They argued that, by filing a statement of compliance, the law required them \u201cto confess to a criminal act . . . in violation of their Fifth Amendment rights.<\/p>\n

The Court explained<\/a> that the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the appellees\u2019 argument, stating that \u201ca person who has not registered clearly is under no compulsion to seek financial aid; if he has not registered, he is simply ineligible for aid.\u201d Following this rationale, a federal district court concluded that the Fifth Amendment\u2019s Self-Incrimination Clause was not implicated when an individual applied to participate in the District of Columbia\u2019s medical marijuana program as a cultivator or dispensary operator. See Sibley v. Obama<\/a><\/em>, 810 F. Supp. 2d 309, 310-11 (D.D.C. 2011).<\/p>\n

Thus, the Supreme Court of Nevada held<\/a> that the rationale expressed in Selective Service System<\/a><\/em> and Sibley<\/a><\/em> applied in this matter. The Court explained that Nevada law does not compel anyone to seek a registry identification card, and if an individual does apply, Nevada law does not impose criminal or civil penalties on them if they do not complete the application. Rather, the application may simply be denied. The Court believed that this possibility, in itself, does not implicate the Self-Incrimination Clauses of the United States and Nevada Constitutions.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

The Court concluded that Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry does not impinge upon a fundamental right. The Court further concluded the registry is rationally related to the legitimate state interest of protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the public. The Court also concluded that the Self-Incrimination Clauses are not implicated when an individual applies to participate in Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana program. Accordingly, the Court held that Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry does not violate the United States or Nevada Constitutions\u2019 Due Process, Equal Protection, or Self-Incrimination Clauses and affirmed the district court\u2019s order.<\/p>\n

Visit the Nevada Appellate Report<\/a> for more legal news.<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Doe vs. State, Legislature of the 77th Session (Nev. Supreme Ct. \u2013 Dec. 7, 2017) In November 2000, the Nevada Constitution was amended to allow the possession and use of marijuana for the treatment or alleviation of various medical conditions. This amendment also required the Legislature to establish a registry of patients who were authorized […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[434,354,353,435],"class_list":["post-3633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-14th-amendment","tag-5th-amendment","tag-fifth-amendment","tag-fourteenth-amendment"],"yoast_head":"\nIs Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry unconstitutional? - Nevada Appellate Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Supreme Court of Nevada examined whether Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry violates the Due Process, Equal Protection, or Self-Incrimination Clauses.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jeffjaeger.com\/nvapp\/2017\/12\/10\/nevadas-medical-marijuana-registry-unconstitutional\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is Nevada\u2019s medical marijuana registry unconstitutional? 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